Characterization of an acoustic liner by means of Laser Doppler Velocimetry in a subsonic flow

This paper describes a new experimental approach to acoustic liner characterization in the presence of a grazing flow. The traditional methods of measurement use microphones to determine liner impedance. The in situ method in particular requires the simultaneous use of two microphones. The first is mounted flush with the surface of the liner grazed by the flow and the second is flush-mounted to the rear face of the liner. However, this method is invasive and assumes the reaction of the liner to be independent of the incidence of the waves (locally-reacting liner). The approach suggested here is radically different since Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) is used to measure the acoustic perturbation of velocity, or acoustic velocity. This latter allows us to determine the acoustic displacement, which is the key parameter in Galbrun's linear theory for assessing the perturbation of pressure and the field of active intensity. The wall impedance and the propagation paths of acoustic energy in the presence of the liner may be deduced without any assumption and non-invasively. This approach was applied for characterizing a resistive liner in a test bench specially designed for aeroacoustic measurements, with a 2D LDV system. The flow was turbulent and the measured nominal Mach number was 0.13. The impedance and field of active intensity were then obtained. A comparison was carried out between the new approach and the in situ method using microphones. According to previous theoretical works in the literature and the presented test results, one has to be cautious about the definition of the impedance when performing in-flow acoustic measurements.     

铁电阴极用于小功率电推力器

分析了当前小功率电推力器对零流动无推进剂阴极的需求现状。提出铁电阴极用于小功率电推进中和器的可能性。研究了厚度为0．5mm的PLZT（锆钛镧酸铅）铁电陶瓷在低电压（1．0～1．2kV）条件下的电子发射性能。实验采用脉宽为1μs的单极性正高压脉冲作为激励源。在收集极获得了脉宽为320ns～3000ns,最高峰值为34A的发射电流。在10^-4乇的真空环境中得到了非常可靠的电子发射。     

离子发动机羽流空间电位诊断

离子发动机羽流空间电位分布不合理可能会造成一系列问题,以至于影响航天器的正常工作。试验使用发射探针对20 cm氙离子发动机束流区等离子体空间电位进行诊断,测点选取轴向距离发动机出口平面250～900 mm,径向0～450 mm,探针钨丝直径0.1 mm,加热电流1.5～2.5 A。发射探针诊断建立在电子热发射基础上,因其I-V曲线拐点较朗缪尔探针更为明显,所以测量得到的空间电位分布更为准确。国外已经广泛使用发射探针测量等离子体空间电位,发射探针的试验数据处理方法仍存在较大分歧。从发射探针工作时的物理过程着手,分析热电子发射多少对空间电位诊断结果的影响,采用不同的探针I-V曲线处理方法并对各种方法利弊进行讨论,分析偏离真实空间电位的原因,比较得到较为合理的结果,对发射探针的结构改造和加热电流的选取提供依据,为发动机性能的改善和羽流仿真模型提供参考。     

超声电喷推进机理研究

超声电喷推进是一种新型的电推进技术,主要用于解决胶体推力器等电推力器发射点集成困难、发射点数密度低的问题。通过将超声振动产生的大量微细驻波作为发射源,超声电喷推进将从根本上提高发射点的数目和密度,形成较大的推力密度。文章对超声电喷推进的发射机理进行了研究,得到相应的理论发射模型。通过对发射表面上微细驻波的形成过程、带电液滴的分离过程进行理论分析,建立了静电场条件下微细驻波波峰临界状态的平衡方程,推导出微细驻波波峰局部半径以及发射液滴尺寸的理论解,并提出了发射电流、比冲和推力的估算方程。在此基础上,分析了极间电场强度、超声振动频率、超声振动功率、推进剂性能黏度、推进剂表面张力系数和电导率对超声电喷推进性能的影响规律,并进行了试验验证。     

开式转子发动机研究进展

开式转子发动机以高推进效率、低燃油消耗率和低污染物排放的"一高两低"优势,成为经济友好型航空发动机的典型代表,是下一代民用飞机潜在的动力备选方案之一。本文主要从开式转子发动机总体性能仿真技术、对转桨扇设计技术、传动附件设计技术、部件及整机试验技术等四个方面,分析开式转子发动机研发历史及相关技术研究进展。结合国内开式转子发动机研究现状,梳理出开式转子发动机的发展脉络,归纳出开展开式转子发动机研究所涉及的关键技术,并对未来的研究重点和发展路线进行展望,以期为开式转子发动机相关技术的后续研究提供技术支持。     

基于神经网络的智能刀具状态检测系统

可靠的在线刀具磨损状态检测是柔性制造系统、计算机集成制造系统以及自动化机床必不可少的一个环节。文中论述了用反传神经网络与一类模糊神经网络分析处理由力传感器和声发射传感器所测得的刀具状态信号，识别出刀具的磨损情况，从而进一步实现刀具磨损状态的在线检测，控制自动机床及时更换刀具。本研究对四种规格的钻头的磨损情况进行了全程检测，并比较分析了反传神经网络与模糊神经网络对这一问题的有效性。实验结果表明，这两种方法对处理刀具磨损状态检测均有显著的效果与很高的准确性。用一类模糊神经网络处理多传感器信息是实现刀具状态在线检测的一个极为有效的方法。     

Cosmic ray acceleration by supernova shocks

We analyse the results of recent measurements of nonthermal emission from individual supernova remnants (SNRs) and their correspondence to the nonlinear kinetic theory of cosmic ray (CR) acceleration in SNRs. It is shown that the theory fits these data in a satisfactory way and provides the strong evidences for the efficient CR production in SNRs accompanied by significant magnetic field amplification. Magnetic field amplification leads to considerable increase of CR maximum energy so that the spectrum of CRs accelerated in SNRs is consistent with the requirements for the formation of Galactic CR spectrum up to the energy ∼10¹⁷ eV.     

XMM-Newton survey of non-thermal shell candidates: Preliminary results on DA 530

The investigation of the general properties of non-thermal (NT) X-ray shell supernova remnants (SNRs), of which SN 1006 is the prototype, is important to understand how electrons are accelerated in SNR shocks and what is the origin of cosmic rays. Using the XMM-Newton satellite, we are carrying on a survey of putative non-thermal SNR candidates previously unknown or little studied in the X-ray band, in order to investigate the different manifestations of NT emission in SNR shells. The SNRs we have selected are likely to expand in a low density medium, and therefore to have a low thermal X-ray emission, that usually outshines the non-thermal one. We report here preliminary results obtained on the SNR shell DA 530.     

Solar Sources of Heliospheric Energetic Electron Events—Shocks or Flares?

Electrons with near-relativistic (E≳30 keV, NrR) and relativistic (E≳0.3 MeV) energies are often observed as discrete events in the inner heliosphere following solar transient activity. Several acceleration mechanisms have been proposed for the production of those electrons. One candidate is acceleration at MHD shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) with speeds ≳1000 km s⁻¹. Many NrR electron events are temporally associated only with flares while others are associated with flares as well as with CMEs or with radio type II shock waves. Since CME onsets and associated flares are roughly simultaneous, distinguishing the sources of electron events is a serious challenge. On a phenomenological basis two classes of solar electron events were known several decades ago, but recent observations have presented a more complex picture. We review early and recent observational results to deduce different electron event classes and their viable acceleration mechanisms, defined broadly as shocks versus flares. The NrR and relativistic electrons are treated separately. Topics covered are: solar electron injection delays from flare impulsive phases; comparisons of electron intensities and spectra with flares, CMEs and accompanying solar energetic proton (SEP) events; multiple spacecraft observations; two-phase electron events; coronal flares; shock-associated (SA) events; electron spectral invariance; and solar electron intensity size distributions. This evidence suggests that CME-driven shocks are statistically the dominant acceleration mechanism of relativistic events, but most NrR electron events result from flares. Determining the solar origin of a given NrR or relativistic electron event remains a difficult proposition, and suggestions for future work are given.     

辐射发射参考源在EMC比对中的应用

辐射发射参考源是在对EMC测试系统进行比对测试和定期场地校验时必不可少的设备,介绍了辐射发射参考源的原理和特点、各种实现方式、国内外应用概况及其稳定性考核措施。